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UNIVERSITY OF SAHIWAL JOBS ADVERTISEMENT 2021
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OR NOT AND GATES FOR DLD AND COMPUTER SCIENCE
|
OR
GATE IMPLEMENTATION
OR GATE
SYMBOL :
OR GATE TRUTH TABLE
A |
B |
C |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
Software
Verification:
1. A=0 ,
B=0
2. A=0 ,
B=1
3. A=1 ,
B=0
4. A=1 ,
B=1
AND GATE IMPLEMENTATION
AND Gate
Symbol:
AND Gate
Truth Table:
A |
B |
C |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1. A=0 , B=0
2. A=0 , b=1
3. A=1 , b=0
4. A=1 , b=1
NOT GATE IMPLEMENTATION
NOT Gate
Symbol:
AND Gate
Truth Table:
A |
C |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
Software
Verification:
1. A=0
2. A=1
December 21, 2020
what is sentence? Give a types of sentence/
Sentence
A group of words like this, which makes complete sense, is called
a Sentence.
Kinds of Sentences
2. Sentences are of four kinds:
(1) Those which make statements or assertions; as, Humpty Dumpty sat on a wall.
(2) Those which ask questions; as Where do you live?
(3) Those which express commands, requests, or entreaties; as,
Be quiet.
Have mercy upon us.
(4) Those which express strong feelings; as,
How cold the night is!
What a shame!
A sentence that makes a statement or assertion is called a Declarative or Assertive
sentence.
A sentence that asks a question is called an Interrogative sentence.
A sentence that expresses a command or an entreaty is called an Imperative sentence.
A sentence that expresses strong feeling is called an Exclamatory sentence.
December 20, 2020
Calculator Code . You Will MAde A Calculator on Computer in Python >>>>>
def add(x, y):
return x + y
def subtract(x, y):
return x - y
def multiply(x, y):
return x * y
def divide(x, y):
return x / y
print("Select operation.")
print("1.Add")
print("2.Subtract")
print("3.Multiply")
print("4.Divide")
while True:
choice = input("Enter choice(1/2/3/4): ")
if choice in ('1', '2', '3', '4'):
num1 = float(input("Enter first number: "))
num2 = float(input("Enter second number: "))
if choice == '1':
print(num1, "+", num2, "=", add(num1, num2))
elif choice == '2':
print(num1, "-", num2, "=", subtract(num1, num2))
elif choice == '3':
print(num1, "*", num2, "=", multiply(num1, num2))
elif choice == '4':
print(num1, "/", num2, "=", divide(num1, num2))
break
else:
print("Invalid Input")
December 15, 2020
WHAT IS TRANSFORMER?AND ITS TYPES. APPLIED PHYSICS (LEVEL OF BACHELOR)
WHAT IS TRANSFORMER?AND ITS TYPES.
· What is a Transformer?
Ans. A Transformer is a static electrical machine which transfers AC electrical power from one circuit to the other circuit at the constant frequency, but the voltage level can be altered that means voltage can be increased or decreased according to the requirement.
Equation.
E= N dϕ /dt
· What is Types of transformer?
I. Ans. There are types of transformer.
II.
Based on Voltage Level
a. Step-Up Transformer
b. Step-Down Transformer
c. Isolation Transformer
Step-Up Transformer
A Step Up Transformer is a device which converts low voltage at primary side to high voltage at secondary side. The primary winding of a coil has less number of turns than the secondary winding.
Equation:
Vp/Vs = Ns/Np
Advantages:
o Transmit electricity over long distances at low cost.
o Helps in reducing the resistance on the line.
o Ability to work continuously.
o start operations immediately after its installation without any delays.
o Highly efficient and suffer from very little losses.
o Do not involve much time and money for maintenance.
Limitations:
o Applications limited to AC operations only.
o Use a round-the-clock cooling system i.e. makes the system bulky.
o Step-Down Transformer
o A Step Down Transformer is a device which converts high voltage at primary side to low voltage at secondary side. The secondary winding of a coil has less number of turns than the primary winding.
Equation:
Vs/Vp = Ns/Np
Advantages:
o Easy power transmission at low cost.
o Highly reliable and efficient.
o Provides varied voltage requirements.
Limitations:
o Requires a lot of maintenance, which can damage the transformer.
o Volatility in feedstock costs.
o Fault rectification takes more time.
Isolation Transformer
Isolation transformer can be step-up transformer or step-down transformer but the primary and secondary voltage values are always equal i.e. turns ratio is always 1. This is obtained with a same number of turns on the primary and secondary windings. Isolation transformers are referred to as "insulated".
Equation:
Vs/Vp = Ns/Np Where Ns=Np
Advantages:
o Provide safety to electronic components and the persons against electrical shock.
o Suppress the electrical noise.
o Avoids ground loops.
o Provide available supply even if the device is broken.
o Used as instrument transformers
o Handle any amount of voltage necessary.
Limitations:
o Produce distortion at secondary side when operates as pulse transformer.
o When operating DC pulse signal, saturation of the core decreases.
o High cost.
2. Based on Usage
On the basis of usage, transformer types are listed below.
I. Power Transformers
II. Distribution Transformers
Power Transformers
· Main principle of power transformer is to convert the Low voltage input to a high voltage output. This transformer acts as a bridge between the power generator and the primary distribution grid. This has complex construction due to high power generation and mainly installed at the generating stations and transmission substations. The power transformers are employed in the transmission networks of higher voltages.
Advantages:
o Suitable for high voltage applications (greater than 33KV).
o High insulation level.
o Minimize the power loss.
o Cost effective.
Limitations:
Loaded for 24 hours at transmission station, thus, the core and copper loss will occur for the whole day.
Big in size.
Distribution Transformers
o Distribution transformers are step down transformer and used in distribution network for industrial and domestic purpose. These transformers convert High grid voltage to the end customer required voltage where the electrical energy is distributed and utilized at the consumer end. In order to distribute the power from power plant to remote locations, these transformers are used.
Advantages:
o Small size.
o Easy
installation.
o Low
magnetic losses.
o It is not
always fully loaded
Limitations:
o Designed for 50-70% efficiency.
o Low flux density as compare to power transformer.
o Regular load fluctuations.
o Time-dependent.
3. Based on Electrical Supply
On the basis of configuration, transformer types are listed below.
I. Single phase transformer
II. Three phase transformer
Single Phase Transformer
When there is only one coil at primary side and one coil at secondary side, then the transformer is called single phase transformer. Here the power supplies through a single conductor. This type of transformer accepts single-phase alternating current and output single-phase alternating current, typically at variant voltage level that operates in a unified time phase. These types of transformer are mostly used in the household devices.
Advantages:
· Simple network.
· Cost effective.
· Most efficient AC power supply for up to 1000 watts.
Limitations:
· Supply only 1-ph load.
· used to light loads and small electric motors.
· Minimum power transfer capability.
· Power failure occurs.
Three Phase Transformer
Three phase transformer means the power flows through three conductors. Three phase transformer contains six coils, three coils at primary side and three coils at secondary side. This type of transformer accepts three-phase alternating current and output three-phase alternating current, typically at variant voltage level that operates in a unified time phase. These types of transformer are mostly used as a power or distribution transformers
Advantages:
· Large motors or heavy loads materials.
· Transmission of power to long distance through magnetic field.
· Maximum power transfer capability.
· Power failures do not occur.
Limitations:
Required many cooling systems depending on the transformer rated power.
Complex network.
4. Based on Place of Usage
On the basis of place of usage, transformer types are listed below.
I.
Indoor Transformers
II.
Outdoor Transformers
Indoor Transformers
Indoor transformers are usually a Dry type transformer. These transformers use air as cooling medium and usually their primary and secondary side connections are isolated. Dry type transformers are installed in buildings and close to buildings because they are environmentally safer i.e. less flammable. These type of transformers are considered as ideal for shopping malls, hospitals, residential complexes and other commercial areas.
Advantages:
o Low maintenance cost.
o Safer option as compare to oil-filled transformer.
Limitations:
o Higher operating loss.
o Noise pollution.
o Expensive.
Outdoor Transformers
Outdoor transformers are usually an Oil filled transformers. These transformers use oil as cooling medium and are designed to be utilized in outdoor environments due to the chance of oil leakage and spills that create a fireplace risk, and must be protected against environmental conditions.
Advantages:
o Smaller and more efficient.
o Lower operational costs.
Limitations:
o High Maintenance cost.
o Require periodic sampling of the oil.
5. Based on the Core Medium
On the basis of core medium, transformer types are listed below.
I. Air Core Transformer
II. Iron Core Transformer
III. Ferrite Core Transformer
Air Core Transformer
Air-core transformers are designed to transfer radio-frequency currents—i.e., used in radio transmitter and communication devices etc. As the name suggests, these transformers have no solid core, which makes them very light in weight, thus making them ideal for small-sized portable electronic devices. Air core transformers create flux using the windings and the air passing through them. This help air core transformer to completely eliminate undesirable characteristics of ferromagnetic core (eddy current losses, hysteresis, saturation, etc.)
Advantages:
· Zero distortion.
· Zero dissipation of signal quality.
· Noise-free operation.
· Lack of losses in hysteresis and eddy currents.
· Lighter in weight.
Limitations:
· Low degree of coupling (mutual inductance)
· Unsuitable for use in power distribution.
Iron Core Transformer
In this type of transformer, primary and secondary windings are wounded on multiple iron plates. These iron plates provide perfect linkage path to the generated flux and serve analogous functions in the audio-frequency range. Iron core transformer are widely used and highly efficient as compare to air core transformer.
Advantages:
· Handle large loads at a low frequency.
· Offers less reluctance.
· Highly efficient.
Limitations:
· Large eddy current losses.
Ferrite Core Transformer
Ferrite core transformer means a transformer whose magnetic core is made up of ferrite. Ferrites are non-conductive, ceramic compounds that are ferromagnetic in nature. The high magnetic permeability of these transformers makes them ideal for a variety of high frequency transformers, adjustable inductors, wide band transformers, common Mode Chokes, switched-mode power supply and radio frequency applications.
Advantages:
· Low reluctance magnetic path.
· High current resistivity.
· Provides low eddy current losses over many frequencies.
· High magnetic permeability, coercivity and Q-values.
· Low hysteresis factor, DC sensitivity and signal distortion.
Limitations:
· Easily saturated (its saturation flux density is typically < 0.5 T).
· Permeability drifts with temperature.
·
Write down the point of
audio transformer and radio transformer?
Ans=Audio transformers can also be used for
matching microphones to amplifier inputs. The main purpose of a
transformer at the amplifier input is matching impedance between
microphones, connecting cables and the amplifier input. This is important to
ensure that there is no signal reduction due to impedance mismatching.